The history of forest schools Essay Example for Free

The history of forest schools Essay ‘Forest School in the UK may seem a fairly new movement. In reality it is based on a rich heritage of outdoor learning going back at least to the 19th century. Philosophers, naturalists and educators in Europe and the UK such as Wordsworth, Ruskin, Baden Powell, Leslie Paul (who founded the Woodcraft Folk in 1925), Kurt Hahn (who founded Gordon stone and was the inspiration for our first outdoor education centers), Susan Isaacs and the Macmillan sisters all laid the foundations for what is known as Forest School today. During the 1970s and 80s our education system moved toward a more teacher/outcome-centered approach in an attempt to improve numeracy and literacy, in particular, and we had the introduction of the national curriculum. Somewhat in response to this, there was a growth of ‘alternative’ educational models in the 1990s and it is in this context that Forest School emerged. ’ A brief history of the development from the Forest School Association. The Forest School model originates in Scandinavia and involves participants journeying by foot (if possible) to a local woodland environment to learn outdoors on a regular sustained basis. In 1993 a group of childcare students visiting Denmark witnessed the benefits of Forest School for themselves and brought the idea back to Bridgewater College. On returning they devised way to apply forest schools to their childcare center. Since then the idea has grown and Forest Schools are spreading throughout Britain. Margret McMillan was a socialist Christian. She was very interested in education and she fought for reforms to improve the health of young children, wrote several books on nursery education and pioneered a play-centered approach. She was very interested in how children could learn outside and how it benefitted them. It wasn’t until after her life that her thoughts and theories were put into practice, a college was opened in her sister’s name in 1930 and in 1936 the first purpose-built outdoor center was created in memory of Margaret McMillan. Friedrich Frobel was also a pioneer of outdoor learning. Introducing and sustaining the original idea according to which nature and the natural environment had a definite and positive role in the education of children. Frobel coined the word kinder garten, which means children’s garden. Other significant contributors to the outdoor learning movement were Natalie Davis and Susan Isaacs. Davis set up Chelsea open-air nursery in 1927, she handed it over to Isaacs, who wanted to give invigorating and healthy experiences to the children. Isaacs was a keen researcher of principals and new research appearing about how children should learn. â€Å"Today Chelsea Open Air Nursery School and Children’s Centre survives as a fitting and faithful legacy of Susan Isaacs pioneering work. Educationalists from around the world visit the school and are inspired by its wonderful setting, ethos and professional expertise. ’ Forests schools officially began in the Uk in 1993 after a group of students visited Denmark and saw forest schools in action. This was only 20 years ago and today there are at least 25 forest school companies listed, and I dare say that not all forest school practitioners are on the association site. There is also places like Ruskin Mill, who specialise in bush craft and farming activities for young adults, and HillHolt farm in Lincolnshire, which started as an alternative for expelled children, it is now a fully fledged educational centre using many forest school activities, and teaching other outdoor skills for life, with very successful results. Many school and nursery teachers have become forest school leaders and run sessions in their schools. No exact figure is available but I would definitely say forest schools are now becoming mainstream and it’s common place for people to be aware of what forest school is. Locally, in Lincolnshire there are 4 forest schools, and in the South Yorkshire there are another 4 registered forest schools. In Scotland (the coldest part of the UK) they’re a fully outdoor nursery/kindergarten. This embraces forest schools in an extreme way, everyday is a forest school for the children who attend â€Å"Kirsty Licence, 40, a doctor and Alastairs mother, believes the nursery will be an antidote to Britains increasingly sedentary, over-protective culture. Childhood obesity is a big problem, and one of the things is that children spend too long inside. The forest education initiative was set up to basically make people more aware of how important our forests are to us and for people to understand the link between everyday product and our trees. â€Å"Our aim is to help young people understand the sustainable role that trees and timber have in our lives. † The aims of the initiative are achieved through the work of forest schools, conservationists and groundwork, amongst others. The initiative has supported forest schools because of the work they do which takes more and more children into our forests. Forest school can register to be recognised with the Forest Education Initiative. To have financial backing and an official body to be recognised will no doubt have had a positive effect on the uptake and growth of forests schools nationally. The forest school association exists like many other associations to provide a central point for good practice, storing and sharing information for practitioners. Also to communicate a strong clear message of what Forest School is. They also work with other organisations with similar goals, not as competitors but as a team hoping to enlighten people about the importance of our forests. They are also the governing body for forest school qualifications, making the whole operation absolutely professional. Personally I think as time goes on that forest schools will become even more popular. As more people experience a child in the outdoors they will realise how much they flourish and learn in a natural environment. Unfortunately, though it may be a while before the government realises this, we may go to china and back first!

Natural Order and Phenomena in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth 2

"Is 't night's predominance or the day's shame / That darkness does the face of Earth entomb / When living light should kiss it?" (Macbeth 2.4.9-11). ¹ The reversal of night and day in William Shakespeare's Macbeth represents a reversal far more permanent and unnatural: that of a nation's hierarchy. When the title character makes the tragic decision to commit regicide and begin a dishonest ascent to kingship, the destruction of the natural order of Scotland commences, and this turn of events is reflected by the violent reaction of natural phenomena in the country. William Shakespeare, as an author contracted by King James I, sought to preserve a conservative monarchical system, promote the philosophy of the Divine Right of Kings, and please his patron through Macbeth: Pairing Macbeth's murder of Scotland's King Duncan with a series of unnatural events, Shakespeare illustrates to audiences the severity of such a crime and the displeasure of nature and God with its perpetrator. The use of violent natural imagery in Macbeth solidifies a monarch's place as the divinely appointed leader of a nation by displaying God's consternation with Macbeth, embodying the interruption of a nation's natural hierarchy, striking terror into the hearts of those disloyal to their monarch, and portraying the witches as supernatural forces of evil upon Earth. In order to understand Macbeth's historical context, one must examine the political culture of the reign of King James I Stuart. James reigned over Scotland from 1567 to 1625 and England from 1603 to 1625, and was the first of a wave of monarchs claiming a divine right to rule (BBC). As the first ruler of a consolidated Kingdom of Great Britain, James issued public statements affirming his... ...ial conservatism and makes for interesting analysis. Just as an eclipse darkens the sun, regicide creates a series of events that reverses the natural order of a divine right monarchy, and William Shakespeare effectively illustrates this idea through the use of natural imagery in Macbeth. Works Cited "BBC - History - Historic Figures: James I and VI (1566 - 1625)." BBC History. BBC, 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. . Kreis, Steven. "James I, Speeches to Parliament (1609)." The History Guide. 12 May 2004. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. . McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare: an Introduction with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Sylan Barnet. Macbeth. New York: Signet Classics, 1998. Print. Natural Order and Phenomena in Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth 2 "Is 't night's predominance or the day's shame / That darkness does the face of Earth entomb / When living light should kiss it?" (Macbeth 2.4.9-11). ¹ The reversal of night and day in William Shakespeare's Macbeth represents a reversal far more permanent and unnatural: that of a nation's hierarchy. When the title character makes the tragic decision to commit regicide and begin a dishonest ascent to kingship, the destruction of the natural order of Scotland commences, and this turn of events is reflected by the violent reaction of natural phenomena in the country. William Shakespeare, as an author contracted by King James I, sought to preserve a conservative monarchical system, promote the philosophy of the Divine Right of Kings, and please his patron through Macbeth: Pairing Macbeth's murder of Scotland's King Duncan with a series of unnatural events, Shakespeare illustrates to audiences the severity of such a crime and the displeasure of nature and God with its perpetrator. The use of violent natural imagery in Macbeth solidifies a monarch's place as the divinely appointed leader of a nation by displaying God's consternation with Macbeth, embodying the interruption of a nation's natural hierarchy, striking terror into the hearts of those disloyal to their monarch, and portraying the witches as supernatural forces of evil upon Earth. In order to understand Macbeth's historical context, one must examine the political culture of the reign of King James I Stuart. James reigned over Scotland from 1567 to 1625 and England from 1603 to 1625, and was the first of a wave of monarchs claiming a divine right to rule (BBC). As the first ruler of a consolidated Kingdom of Great Britain, James issued public statements affirming his... ...ial conservatism and makes for interesting analysis. Just as an eclipse darkens the sun, regicide creates a series of events that reverses the natural order of a divine right monarchy, and William Shakespeare effectively illustrates this idea through the use of natural imagery in Macbeth. Works Cited "BBC - History - Historic Figures: James I and VI (1566 - 1625)." BBC History. BBC, 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. . Kreis, Steven. "James I, Speeches to Parliament (1609)." The History Guide. 12 May 2004. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. . McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare: an Introduction with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001. Print. Shakespeare, William, and Sylan Barnet. Macbeth. New York: Signet Classics, 1998. Print.

Immanuel Kant Essay

A 19 year old college student and addicted gambler was pulled over for erratic driving on the Long Island Expressway. He pulled out a toy pistol and pointed it at the officer, he was then shot and killed. Another incident involving a 45 year old cancer patient had the same ending in new Jersey. He walked into a Pizza Shop and pointed a gun at the officers inside eating. Experts believe that they force the cops to kill them as a form of suicide. Suicide is difficult to commit and forcing an officer to kill you takes away the pressure of completing the task. Some insurance companies don’t cover suicide and religions forbid it so it is away of taking the guilt and shame away from common suicide. 10% of fatal police shootings are brought on by people seeking to die. -Evaluate the moral permissibility of â€Å"suicide by cop† -To what extent is a police officer morally obligated to assess whether a person he or she shoots actually wants to be killed? Virtue Ethics Aristotle’s theory of moral virtue categorizes the pursuit of happiness as a process that is achieved by pursuing real goods in a morally correct way. It is a mean between two vices (excess & defect). Our actions are voluntary and the product of choice. In these cases they seem to have self delusion defects. They are rationalizing conduct (suicide) and making excuses in an effort to justify their morally impermissible actions(carried out by cops vs. self). A person is giving up on their pursuit of happiness and there for, from the victims standpoint nothing is morally permissible about their actions. The officer doesn’t have time to assess the motives of suspects that pull firearms on them. They have to make a quick decision at the drop of a hat. Kill or be killed. Their own pursuit of happiness and life is protected. Formalizism Emmanuel Kant developed formalizes theory. It focuses on carrying out your duties without thinking about the consequences. Categorical and Practical imperative are the two main components. Categorical imperative is the idea that the moral obligation is valid only if it applies universally to everything. Practical imperative states that a person should treat humanity as an end and not as a mean. When you apply this to suicide by cop it is never right to go point a gun at someone in order for them to kill you. The officer does apply those situations universally to everyone though. You are met with the same type of force that you bring. Their first priority is protecting themselves. Utilitarianism John Mill’s theory of utility expanded from the viewpoint of motivations of pleasure and pain. The goodness of an act is determined by the consequences of the act and how much happiness is promoted. Using this theory the victim is still not morally correct with their choice of suicide by cop though the pleasure of death may outweigh the pain of life. They don’t promote any happiness by getting themselves killed. Their loved ones all get hurt. From the officers eyes they have an armed person pointing a gun at them and they don’t have the time to weigh the pros and cons they can only react. They aren’t going to be happy about killing someone they still wouldn’t be happy if they did stop and think and ended up shot themselves. Suicide is a selfish act and even more selfish when you force someone else to do your dirty work. No one wants to take a life but most people don’t want to lose theirs either. I do not believe that officers should be morally obligated to assess weather a person is violate or just wants to die. It is too dangerous to try and play psychologist is what could possibly mean a life or death situation for a police officer. My step dad has a grading company and hit a man on a motorcycle that was dying of cancer. He left the house that day and told his family he was going to kill himself I guess his dump truck looked like the best option in completing his mission and he drove head on right into him. Even though the man wanted to die my step dad never wanted to kill someone and it is a pretty emotional topic. The selfishness that it takes to take your life at someone else’s expense is beyond me and something I really don’t understand.

Skinner Vs Cognitivism - 1126 Words

Intro B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget were two influential theorists that have made a huge contribution to the field of education. Skinner’s theory is referred to as the behaviorist theory, and Piaget’s is cognitive theory. Both theories of learning are based on the development from two completely different perspectives while making an impact on educators around the world. Behaviorism is based off the belief that behavior is shaped through positive and negative reinforcement. Cognitivism is based on the concept that individuals process the information they receive rather than responding to stimuli. Characteristics of both theories illustrate the vast differences yet slight similarities in relationship to how individuals learn and how†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Skinner conducted extensive research into reinforcement as a method of teaching† (Good Therapy, 2015). Utilizing operant conditioning, Skinner has proven that reinforcement increases the chances of b ehavior to repeat. His theory is widely used today amongst teachers, animal trainers, counselors and parents around the world. Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is another influential theorist who is known for his development of cognitive theory. This theory focuses on the development of an individuals thought processes along with how these thought processes influence the understanding and interaction with the world. Detailed observational studies of cognition in children, Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs throughout four stages. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage: from birth to the age of two. This stage is where the child experiences his or her world through senses and movement. A child begins to understand that one action can cause another action. The second stage is the pre-operational stage, from two to seven years old. At this stage, a child is aware of the separation from the environment around them. They are able to represent things with words and images while using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. The third stage is concrete operations: from the ages of se ven to eleven. This is a period in which a child will begin toShow MoreRelatedLearning Theories : A Learning Theory1164 Words   |  5 PagesLearning theories can be applied in different education scenarios in order to provide structure in a learning environment. Three perspectives, or theories, that embody the framework of present education are: Behaviourism Cognitivism Constructivism Summarised, cognitivism is a learning process that ‘focuses on the internal mental processes and how learners manipulate information during learning’ - textbook page 217, while constructivism is underpinned by ‘the idea that meaning is constructedRead MoreEssay about History of Nature and Nurture1866 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited through your parent and when you were told something you didnt learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through lettersRead More Nature vs. Nurture Essay1836 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists more recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited from your parents and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700’s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through lettersRead MoreAttitude and Behavior: Which Comes First?2383 Words   |  10 Pagesthey use it and their responses to it. Nowadays, many marketers believe that behaviour variables are the best starting point for building market segments. It is very important to use of behaviour in assessing the target market. But, according to Skinner (1938, 1953) cited in East (1997) a behaviourists thought and feeling are effects but not causes. For example, like ripples on the surface of a pond, they show the movements of fish, but do not move the fish. It this case, we can use attitude informationRead MoreWhy I Am A Teacher1857 Words   |  8 Pagesand Humanism. When I first discovered what my top three educational philosophies were, I got the same exact score of twenty-one on all three. The other educational philosophies are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, Reconstructionism, and Cognitivism. After evaluating my results, this better helped me understand how I learn, and how other students learn. Students do not all learn the same, especially to students with disabilities. Research published by Vaughn, S Swanson, E.A 2015, discusses

The Deepwater Horizon Drilling Platforms - 1651 Words

Over one hundred million gallons of crude oil saturated the Gulf of Mexico after the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon drilling prospect on April 10th, 2010. The explosion killed eleven people, resulting in one the worst local oil spills in U.S. history. For the next eighty seven days, sunken barrels continued to release oil into the Atlantic Ocean. The oil spread from the coast of Louisiana to about one hundred and forty miles into the gulf. The U.S. is trying to reduce the use of foreign oil by drilling within its own borders. As a result, the country is responsible for a large scale cleanup of the Atlantic Ocean. Demand for oil in the United States continues to rise, as petroleum oil is used to produce electricity, heating, and fuel†¦show more content†¦Shock waves can be created using explosives, thumper trucks, or compressed air guns. The returning waves are measured by hydrophones that can record the waves underwater. Results are then analyzed for signs of oil. Promis ing signs of oil traps are marked on a map. Once oil has been located, drilling wells are constructed around the oil deposit. When the well is complete, extraction begins. Acid is pumped into the wells and out the perforators, which are vein-like channels that branch into the layers of rock. The acid dissolves the limestone, then oil flows through the perforators and into the well. If there is sandstone surrounding the oil instead of limestone, a fluid containing proppants (sand particles) is pumped through the perforators. This fluid creates pressure that fractures the sandstone and allows oil to flow into the well without the perforator closing back up. Sometimes, the oil is too heavy to flow into the well. Hot steam is introduced to the perforators to thin the oil, and create more pressure to push the oil through the perforator. This process is called enhanced oil recovery (Freudenrich, Strickland, n.d.). Offshore oil drilling is very risky, because if an oil well is leaks, thous ands of gallons of oil will flood the surrounding water. Oil spills are notorious environmental hazards. Spills are costly to clean up, and they impact hundreds ofShow MoreRelatedOffshore Oil Drilling and the Deepwater Horizon Spill of the Gulf of Mexico1591 Words   |  7 Pagesfossil fuel, oil drilling is used. Land-based oil drilling became less productive and as the global stipulation for energy increased, technology, law, and geology impacts stepped in and pushed the exploration of oil away from shores (CITE). With its historical background, offshore oil drilling is one of the most important aspects of today’s economy although we are faced with its risks and consequences, such as the BP Deepwater Horizon explosion of the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore oil drilling is known asRead More The Oil Spill is Affecting Animals, but What About the Government?1204 Words   |  5 Pagesdistances to reach markets throughout the world. With seemingly increasing frequency, these journeys sometimes end in accidents that result in oil being spilled into the ocean. The most devastating oil spill, The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, occurred on April twentieth of this year. Deepwater Horizon is an oilrig located in the Gulf of Mexico and it is owned by B.P. Everything seemed to be running efficiently on the rig until April twentieth, when methane gas leaked through the rig. The gas was under highRead MoreThe Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill2022 Words   |  9 PagesDeepwater Horizon Oil Spill The Context Before the occurrence of the Deepwater Horizon event, BP had already been labelled as having a horrible safety record. A 2009 report by the United States Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Todd Petterson , 2009), indicated that BP had 270 existing fines of a ‘failure to abate’ and 439 ‘wilful violations’ of various safety protocols. At the time of the disaster the regulators of the oil industry in the United States was theRead MoreThe Bp Deepwater Horizon Disaster1006 Words   |  5 Pagesimplementing the necessary controls in place to ensure compliance to them. The BP Deepwater Horizon Disaster On April 20, 2010, the British Petroleum (BP) leased Deepwater Horizon drilling rig took an unexpected kick of gas pressure from an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. The release ignited, and through the failure of the blowout preventers progressed into a firestorm. The fire consumed the drilling rig platform, sinking it, causing 11 casualties, and the subsequent release of 4.9 million barrelsRead MoreOil And Gas Reservoir And Traps1706 Words   |  7 Pagesstrata. [8] The Gulf of Mexico is one of the largest salt domes oil reservoir area in the world, where over 500 salt domes have been discovered so far both onshore and under the seafloor. In 1900, the first salt dome oil reservoir was discovered by drilling a exploratory well on Spindletop Hill near Beaumont, Texas [9], and one year later, the well was completely built and constructed. With the depth about 1000 feet below the ground, a pressurized oil reservoir produced over 100,000 barrels of crudeRead MoreDeepwater Horizon Was An Offshore Drilling Rig966 Words   |  4 PagesDeepwater Horizon was an offshore drilling rig built in 2001 in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries. In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history with a vertical depth of 35,050 feet. An unplanned flow of well fluids into the wellbore can be dangerous as it could cause a blowout which would then cause a fire. In order to prevent this, driller’s pump a drilling mud into the well, creating a barrier between the undersea oil and gas and the rig. The safety of the drillingRead MoreEconomic Concerns Of Deepwater Completions And Workover Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Concerns of Deepwater Completions and Workover. Benefits: Offshore completions and workover have some environmental benefits specially during the development phase. It offers less time over the hole, needs fewer resources, requires less capital equipment to develop a field. Subsea completions also is often associated with continuing availability during the production and disposal of equipment such as platforms, manifolds etc. Risks: Introduction: The environmental risks associated with offshoreRead MorePollution : Why Is It Important?1288 Words   |  6 PagesOffshore drilling and production operations and spills from ships or tankers typically contribute less than 8 percent of the total that enter the ocean each year. The majority of the oil entering the ocean comes from routine maintenance of ships at 20 percent, hydrocarbon particles from onshore air pollution is about 13 percent, and natural seepage from the seafloor is a little over 8 percent. Of the approximately 706 million gallons of oil that enter the ocean each year, offshore drilling operationsRead MoreBp Csr3693 Words   |  15 PagesStrategic Corporate Social Responsibilities and Law Contents BP Company Info 3 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Event 4 Summary of the Deepwater Horizon Event 5 Stock price before and after Deepwater Horizon 7 Impact on Stakeholders 8 BP’s Oil Spills and Corporate Social Responsibility 9 Inadequate disclosure on the oil spill event 11 Recommendations for BP to get reputation back 13 Conclusion 14 BP Company Info BP is a global oil and gas company headquartered in London, UnitedRead MoreIp Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesExperimental Investigation of Gas Kick Effects on Dynamic Drilling Parameters Introduction Early kick detection (EKD) is a vital component of well control system. The prevention or management of kicks and/or fluid loss occurrence during drilling operations is crucial, particularly in deepwater drilling activities due to the complexity of equipment and operations. Normally well control failure occurrences could cost the oil and gas industry billions of dollars in a year due to non-productive time

The Argument Against The Existence Of God - 1827 Words

HJ McCloskey in 1968 wrote a paper that tried to argue against different Christian philosophy theories. He tried to argue against the existence of God, specifically in the Cosmological Argument and Teleological arguments. He also tries to use the existence of evil as an argument against the existence a God. His arguments ultimately show a lack of understanding. A lack of understanding of these basic christian arguments and basic Christian theology. The issue at the very beginning of this article is that of differing definitions. McCloskey comes out with talking about Christians not having proofs, and how he will refute them. He is continually using this language throughout the article. The problem is that a Christian would not define the arguments as proofs. A proof, when defined, has the idea that you are 100 percent certain that you are right about your thesis. It is really more of a scientific or mathematical term. The Christian would argue that you can never completely know if Go d is real. There is an element of faith involved. Instead of saying we are going to use â€Å"proofs† to â€Å"prove† God, it is probably more accurate to believe to use the word argument. Instead of proofs, a Christian is coming up with the best possible answers to the questions of the universe. On one hand this may upset the atheist. The atheist may wonder why you would believe in something that you cannot one hundred percent prove. This is faulty thinking, in that there many things that we do notShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Evil : An Argument Against The Existence Of God1922 Words   |  8 Pagesof suffering) is an argument against the existence of God †¢ The argument against the existence of God is incompatible with the existence of an all-loving, all-powerful God. Greek Philosopher Epicurus The Epicurean Paradox †¢ Is God willing, but not able to prevent evil? †¢ Answer: Then he is not omnipotent †¢ Is God able but not willing? †¢ Then he is malevolent †¢ Is he both able and willing? †¢ Then whence cometh evil? †¢ Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him god? J.L Mackie TheRead MoreOntological Argument For The Existence Of God1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper I will discuss the argument of Anselms ontological argument for the existence of god. His basis of his argument being an analytical breakdown for the reason fot gods exsistence. While also establishing that Anselms inferences found with his use of deduction and logical means to prove the existence of a higher being are indeed true. In addition I will defend Anselms argument by depicting other people’s objections against his argument. Specifically the argument made by Gaunilo, who disagreedRead MoreDoes God Exist1417 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God exist? Does God exist? This seemingly simple question is in fact loaded with a myriad of twists and turns that scientists and theologians have debated for years without reaching an accepted conclusion. Part of the problem lies in the many definitions of God. Traditionally it is accepted that God is a supreme being, infallible, perfect, and existing outside of the material world of humanity. It is this definition that is generally used when debating Gods existence. There have been severalRead MoreDoes God Exist?1074 Words   |  5 PagesDoes God Exist ? 1. What role do arguments play in answering this question? I think arguments have played an important role in analyzing and understanding the depth of this question, for mankind. Although the question itself seems factual (either it does or it doesn t), yet no arguments have been able to answer this question conclusively, despite many debates going on for centuries. One possible reason for that inconclusiveness may lie in our intuition and the way, humans define God and existenceRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues that ifRead MoreAnselm s Argument On The Ontological Argument1614 Words   |  7 PagesAnselm argues that God exists, otherwise known as the ontological argument. Anselm believes that â€Å"there is no doubt that something than which a greater cannot be thought exists both in the understanding and in reality (Anselm, Proslogion, 7).† In other words, we cannot imagine something that is able to be greater than God; it would be a contradiction to think being greater than the greatest possible being that can be thought of. A number of philosophers do not agree with Anselm’s argument, such as GauniloRead MoreEssay on The Ontological Argument1589 Words   |  7 PagesOntological Argument The Ontological argument is a group of different philosophers arguments for the existence of God. Ontological literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. The main component of the Ontological argument can be found in the Anselm’s Proslogion which is a short work that tries to demonstrate both the existence and the nature of God. His main aim in writing the Proslogion is not to directly prove the existence of God but toRead MoreMccloskey Responses1660 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction H. J. McCloskey gets most of his strong statements against the belief by asking the atheist to provide sufficient proof that God exists. However, McCloskey is not the only person who is unsure and asks questions God’s existence based on personal beliefs or influence. From the beginning many people have had questions about God and his existence. He wrote numerous books on atheism between 1960 and 1980 including the famous book, God and Evil. This paper evaluates the credibility of McCloskey’sRead MoreA Logical Argument For God s Existence Or Nonexistence1471 Words   |  6 PagesA logical argument for God’s existence or nonexistence is the cosmological argument. William Craig says in his book that there are three statements that give the cosmological argument form. Craig concluded that whatever begins to exist has a cause. The Universe began to exist therefore the Universe had a cause. What that cause was, is widely challenged. The argument against the existenc e of God includes the Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang Model is a broadly accepted theory for the beginning and evolutionRead MoreIs There Good Evidence for or Against the Existence of God?1557 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence for or against the existence of God? Throughout the ages, the topic of religion has always been discussed and argued over. Some people will always argue that God does exist, whilst others will argue that he doesn’t. Firstly I would like to start my argument with the famous 13th century philosopher, Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’ argument is known as the cosmological argument. This is the idea of: the unmoved mover, the uncaused causer and idea of contingency, these three arguments are all a posteriori

The Americanisation of Global Media free essay sample

Americanization defines the Unites States of Americas cultural dominance and Influence on the culture of other countries, In many cases culture that suppresses that of other nations; examples of Americanization can be seen in anything from their popular culture, cuisine, business practices, and technology to political techniques (Osborn, 2006).Since the 20th Century the growth and influence of American popular culture has become a worldwide phenomenon, through technological advances and the growth of media such as television, satellites and computers, especially since the Incorporation of the Internet, more messages are eyeing conveyed from the united States to the rest of the world on a regular basis (Osborn, 2006) For example Hollywood dominates the worlds film and media markets and as such is the chief medium in-which populations around the globe are exposed to American popular culture, such as fashion, customs and way of life, commonly known as the American Dream.Furthermore Amer ican television programmer are broadcast globally, many of-which are broadcast by American broadcasters such as HOBO and CNN, or through alliances and mergers with other global broadcasters and media distributes (Stokes et al. We will write a custom essay sample on The Americanisation of Global Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2004).Furthermore the music industry is another media outlet dominated by the united States of America, with all three major record labels being American companies with several American subsidiaries, this in addition to American artist continue to dominate the popular (pop) music circuit, with uniquely American genres such as hip-hop, bubble gum pop and RB dominating music charts both In the united States and worldwide, following on In the same vein as Michael Jackson. Elvis Presley and Madonna who make up three of the top four highest selling and grossing artists of all time.Americas Influence on Popular Music: America undoubtedly dominates the global music empire with the vast majority of todays popular musical genres having their roots firmly set In the united States of America. Everything from punk to rock n roll to hip-hop and RB were either born wealth the united states or found a foothold to flourish within the country; indeed rock n roll took life in the united States during the sass and sass, evolving from uniquely American genres such as blues and country, which themselves spawned from the southern states during the sass and sass.Punk spawned from Americas garage rock scene of the 1 sass and Hip-Hop found mass mainstream popularity In sass, remaining popular today, bringing African-American youth culture and fashion to mass global consciousness. This Influence has led to the global success and worldwide fame of many American artists, artist such as Michael Jackson and Elvis Presley becoming just two major American stars to achieve global fame and success, achieving worldwide sales of 600 and 400 Million respectively. Furthermore as aforementioned, the markedly American genre of hip-hop has provided some of musics most popular and prolific artists, with musicians such as Mine, Dry. Drew and Jay-Z achieving unrequited global fame, bringing the culture he United States but worldwide, with youth culture in nations like the United Kingdom, France and Australia embracing hip-hop culture.The United States influence in popular music can also be seen in the artists of other nations; in the United Kingdom for example The Rolling Stones, one of the highest grossing rock bands of all time sound, relied heavily on American influences to achieve the customary and unmistakable sound, in addition to taking their name from a song by popular American blues artist Muddy Waters. Even The Beetles, the most revered and popular band of all time, saw their early sound derive from sass and sass American danceable music.Another clear indication of the United States global dominance of the music industry can be seen within the decline of several major record labels, subsequently leading to only three major labels surviving today, following several mergers, acquisitions and buyouts within the industry. All three of the surviving major labels today Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and the Warner Music Group are American owned, with the buyout of British and last non-American record label MME, by Universal and Sony asserting the United States global dominance on the record label industry.As clarified, the United States influence on music is undeniable; however whether it has lasting mass global appeal, at least in an artistic sense, is questionable. Today the influx of bubble gum American pop and mainstream hip-hop, although achieving worldwide success and in some instances acclaim, is often viewed as unimportant and invaluable, with artistic creativity often devoid within these uniquely American exports.Furthermore it can also be argued that this Americanization of the music industry and the way it has shaped and evolved popular culture has in some instances been damaging to he United States global image. For example hip-hop, once a genre which openly celebrated freedom of expression has been highly critiqued by the media in recent years, seen as creating a damaging sub-culture popular in not only the United States but globally, related to gang violence, drugs and the degradation of women, in-turn demising African-American culture and how western youth are viewed globally.In addition it can be claimed that despite Americas unrivalled influence in the birth of many musical genres, that the genres themselves only found popularit y and reached ass mainstream appeal and consciousness once penetrating other global markers. For example punk rock, spawning from the American garage rock scene of the sass, only achieved mainstream success and notoriety once marketed within the United Kingdom, Loons Sex Pistols achieving success both sides of the Atlantic becoming the band most synonymous with punk culture, from the music to the imagery and clothing.Hollywood Abroad: Hollywood is the dominate force within both film and global media, dominating cinematic playing time both at home and abroad, even amongst nations who market and produce their own paleography. For example the five leading markets after Hollywood are dominated by the United States of America, with Hollywood playing time shares of United Kingdom 82%, Japan 73%, Germany 88%, Italy 55% and France 63%. All far outweighing cinema produced within these nations. Within the United suppressing that of independent American cinema (Silva, 2007). And a valuable advert in promotion for the United States of America. Indeed it has been said that Hollywood soon after its inception become the single greatest factor in the rapid Americanization of not only global media but also the world, as such becoming the cost important and significant of the United States global exploits.Hollywood in essence promotes the United States ideals, politics, accomplishments and opportunities on a global scale, leading to a global desire to imitate, which has seen many cultures worldwide suppressed (Stokes et al, 2004). In some ways Hollywood is seen as untouchable such is its global dominance within the film industry, this despite suppressing other cultures whilst aggressively asserting the United States own, in an often propaganda like manner, promoting the country not as a geographical territory but as an imagi native one, a fantasy world of opportunity and aspiration.This has led to intermittent periods of revulsion amongst other cultures and nations globally; for example during the sass Europe opposed much of what Hollywood was portraying seeing the industry as over-sexed, over-paid and having a potentially damaging affect upon the customs and societies found on the continent, quotes such as poisoning the souls of our children and turning them into slaves of American millionaires were attributed to opponent during this era. However it must be said, that despite Hollywood often overbearing demeanor at the time, this negativity and revulsionNas born out of fears by Rupees cultural elite, who feared Hollywood lack of social obligation and radical challenges towards hierarchies of discrimination, taste and the class system. This saw the influence and transformation power of Hollywood and in- turn American culture grossly exaggerated to manifest how threatening it was. Furthermore anti-Americanism in the Middle East today is often fuelled by the United States depiction within Hollywood paleography, carrying a similar objection and revulsion as seen in Europe during the 1920 and the infant years of Hollywood inception (Stokes et al, 2004).